Hurricane Maria

delade · Sep 22, 2017

Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that use warm, moist air as fuel.

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/hurricanes/en/

In order for a hurricane to form, two things must be present: a weather disturbance, such as a thunderstorm, that pulls in warm surface air from all directions and water at the ocean’s surface that is at least 80° Fahrenheit (27° Celsius). Because it is the interaction of warm air and warm seawater that spawns these storms, they form over tropical oceans between about 5 and 20 degrees of latitude. At these latitudes, seawater is hot enough to give the storms strength and the rotation of the Earth makes them spin.

Recent studies have shown a link between ocean surface temperatures and tropical storm intensity – warmer waters fuel more energetic storms.

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/hurricanes.html

Never use aviation oil in your VW engine. The oil passages in the VW are quite small in relation to a certified aircraft engine. During cold weather, your engine must be preheated prior to starting.

Cylinder head temperature at cruise 350°- 375°F

http://www.greatplainsas.com/scoperlimit.html

NORMAL ENGINE OPERATIONAL LIMITATIONS

Engine Idle RPM 600 - 800 RPM
Cruise RPM 3200 +/- 200
Maximum RPM 3600
Minimum oil temperature 160°F
Maximum oil temperature 230°F
Cruise oil temperature 200°F
Minimum oil pressure at cruise 23 PSI
Maximum oil pressure at cruise 70 PSI
Maximum oil pressure - cold 100 PSI
Cylinder head temperature at cruise 350°-375°F
Cylinder head temperature during climb 420°F (5 min)
Do not exceed cylinder head temperature 450°F
Exhaust gas temperature at cruise 1150°F
Do not exceed exhaust gas temperature 1500°F

10 cars together equal (10 x 300 degrees) F.

Why do people blame GOD for making Hurricanes when it is the individuals who are creating the 'land heat' with their machinery uses?

It would appear that Scientists have been trying to conceal this matter.

waltky · Sep 23, 2017

Dam about to burst in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria...

Puerto Rico dam failure 'imminent' after Hurricane Maria
22 Sept.`17 - A failing dam is causing "extremely dangerous" flooding on a Puerto Rico river in the wake of Hurricane Maria, authorities say. The National Weather Service (NWS) said the "imminent failure" of the Guajataca Dam is a "life-threatening situation".

More than 70,000 people live in the nearby areas of Isabela and Quebradillas. At least 13 people have died since Maria ripped through Puerto Rico, knocking out power to the whole island. Operators of the Guajataca Dam said the structure, at the northern end of Lake Guajataca in northwest Puerto Rico, began to show signs of failing at 14:10 local time (18:10 GMT). It sparked a flash flood emergency for Isabela and Quebradillas municipalities, the NWS said in a series of tweets. The agency urged residents in the area to "move to higher ground now" in an alert posted on its website. Many who live near the dam are being evacuated by buses.

A 3D render from Google earth showing Guajataca dam. Inset, top right, is map of Puerto Rico showing the considerable distance from San Juan to the region - almost on opposite sides of the country

It is expected to head to the northeast and east of the Bahamas over the weekend, forecasters say. Puerto Rico's governor has called Maria the worst hurricane in a century. Ricardo Rossello says it could take months to restore electricity to all 3.4 million of the US island territory's residents. Roofs were ripped off as 140mph (225km/h) winds battered Puerto Rico's capital city, San Juan. The hurricane has claimed more than 30 lives across the region, and is the second devastating storm to hit the Caribbean this hurricane season.

The first was category five Irma earlier in September. Maria also caused widespread destruction on the small island of Dominica when it hit on Monday night, leaving at least 15 dead and 20 missing. US President Donald Trump has pledged to visit Puerto Rico, saying it was "totally obliterated" by the storm. He has yet to declare the island a disaster area, but has made federal emergency aid available.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41368478
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Failing dam poses new crisis on Puerto Rico amid flooding from Hurricane Maria
23 Sept.`17 - Emergency officials in Puerto Rico raced on Saturday to evacuate tens of thousands of people from a river valley below a dam in the island’s northwest on the verge of collapse under the weight of flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria.

The potential calamity was unfolding even as Puerto Ricans struggled without electricity to clean up and dig out from devastation left days earlier by Maria, which has killed at least 25 people across the Caribbean, according to officials and media reports. Some 70,000 people live in a cluster of communities under evacuation downstream from the earthen dam on the rain-swollen Guajataca River, Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rossello said in a late-afternoon news conference on Friday. Residents of the area were being ferried to higher ground in buses, according to bulletins issued by the National Weather Service from its office in San Juan, the capital of the U.S. island territory.

Christina Villalba, an official for the island’s emergency management agency, said there was little doubt the dam was about to break. “It could be tonight, it could be tomorrow, it could be in the next few days, but it’s very likely it will be soon,” she told Reuters by telephone on Friday night. She said authorities aimed to complete evacuations within hours. Governor Ricardo Rossello went to the municipality of Isabela on Friday night and told mayor Carlos Delgado that an evacuation there was urgent, his office said in a statement. Rossello said the rains sparked by Maria had cracked the dam and could cause fatal flooding.

Puerto Rico’s national guard had been mobilized to help the police evacuate all necessary areas, Rossello said. People had begun leaving nearby areas, but one small community was refusing and Rossello instructed the police to step in under a law that mandated them to remove the local population in an emergency, the statement said. Villalba could not say how many people had already been evacuated, or how authorities were communicating with residents to organize the evacuation.

PATH OF DESTRUCTION
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waltky · Sep 24, 2017

Hurricane destruction in Puerto Rico...

Whole of Puerto Rico without power, water, phone services
Monday 25th September, 2017 - Ravaged by Hurricane Irma earlier this month, and by Hurricane Maria last week - the entire population of Puerto Rico is facing a crisis situation.

With water, electricity and telephone services being knocked out for the entire island and officials saying it could take months to be restored - on Saturday, shipments of food, water and generators began arriving at the main port in San Juan, which has reopened. With at least 13 people being killed since Maria ripped through Puerto Rico, the island is facing yet another problem with a dam that remains in danger of collapsing. On Friday, operators said that the Guajataca Dam, at the northern end of Lake Guajataca in the north-west, began to show signs of failing at 14:10 local time (18:10 GMT). Then, on Saturday, the NWS warned of flash flooding in Isabela and Quebradillas areas. In an alert posted on its website, the agency first urged residents to move to higher ground.

About 70,000 residents in the areas under threat were initially told to flee and now officials have said that there are reports that the evacuation zone has since been narrowed. The National Weather Service (NWS) has extended flash flood warnings for two areas downstream of Guajataca Dam. Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rossello said on Twitter that he had assessed the damage to the dam by flying over the area. He further reiterated an earlier call from the authorities for local residents to leave their homes. Officials also said that fallen trees are blocking main highways, whole neighbourhoods remain flooded and many homes are without roofs. Officials from the Federal Emergency Management Agency have said that they will take satellite phones to towns and cities which have been cut off as the telephone masts across the island have been damaged.

Earlier, Rossello called Maria the worst hurricane in a century, warning it could take months to restore electricity to all 3.4 million of the U.S. island territory's residents. In its latest update, the National Hurricane Center has said that Maria, a category three storm with maximum sustained winds of nearly 185km/h (115mph), was about 1,030km south-south east from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina. The NHC said, "On the forecast track, Maria should move away from the Bahamas into the open waters of the western Atlantic today.”

So far, the hurricane has claimed more than 33 lives across the region. It is the second devastating storm to hit the Caribbean this hurricane season. Earlier in September, the first storm was the category five Irma. On Monday, Maria caused widespread destruction on the small island of Dominica, leaving at least 15 dead and 20 missing. The storm is now heading to the open waters of the west Atlantic. Meanwhile, U.S. President Donald Trump, who declared the island a disaster area and made federal emergency aid available, pledged to visit Puerto Rico, saying it was "totally obliterated" by the storm.

http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/254812550/whole-of-puerto-rico-without-power-water-phone-services
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Space_Time · Sep 24, 2017

Unfortunate:

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hurricane-maria-wreaks-havoc-arecibo-010100863.html

Hurricane Maria wreaks havoc on Arecibo radio telescope

Engadget

Jon Fingas

EngadgetSeptember 23, 2017

Puerto Rico is suffering on an unimaginable scale in the wake of Hurricane Maria. Many have been displaced from their homes, and the entire territory may go without electricity and reliable communication for months. And while the human tragedy is clearly the most important concern, it's also having a terrible effect on the scientific community. Researchers have learned that the Arecibo Observatory and its signature radio telescope took significant damage when the hurricane passed over. All staff members are thankfully safe for now, but an atmospheric radar line feed and a 39-foot dish (used for Very Long Baseline Interferometry) were lost in winds that reached up to 155MPH. The gigantic central dish is intact, although the line feed's collapse punctured it in places.

To make matters worse, the situation is dire for on-site staff. The National Science Foundation understands that team members have generators, a water well and food for a week, but the roads may be impassable for days.

The hurricane compounds what was already a difficult period for the observatory. The NSF doesn't believe it can keep funding Arecibo itself, and has been looking for partners who could shoulder the burden. Now, the telescope's future is even more in doubt. While it sounds like repairs are feasible, can the NSF or any potential allies justify funding those repairs? It wouldn't be as simple as shutting down Arecibo (there are environmental considerations), so its fate is very much in limbo. The only certainty is that Puerto Rico needs help right now -- please consider donating to a relief fund if you can.

USRA, Nadia Drake (Twitter)

waltky · Sep 27, 2017

Granny says, "Dat's right - it's cause o' all dat climate change...

September is the most energetic month for hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic
September 26,`17 - The 2017 hurricane season has certainly been one for the record books. Whether it be Harvey’s scale-tipping rains, Irma’s off-the-chart winds, or the sheer number of storms that have spun up, this year is clearly anything but normal.

But how wacky has the weather in the tropics been? For that, meteorologists refer to a figure known as ACE, a measure of every hurricane’s energy put together during its life span. September produced the most ACE in any month on record in the Atlantic Ocean. ACE, or Accumulated Cyclone Energy, is manifest in stirred-up oceans, steamy downpours, crackling lightning and ferocious winds. The force to instigate these nasty conditions is extracted from the roasting waters of the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean, and transformed into motion through a hurricane’s natural “heat engine.” To quantify this measure, scientists take into account the strength of the winds within each and every storm, as well as their duration. ACE is calculated every six hours, and a running tally is kept for each storm so long as it sticks around. The measure does not take into account a storm’s size.

In a given year, ACE across the Atlantic Basin stacks up to an average in the 90s. It’s not terribly unusual for ACE to rise into the triple digits, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration classifies any season that tops 111 as “above average.” On Monday, Phil Klotzbach, a tropical weather research at Colorado State University, tweeted that ACE in the Atlantic had soared to 155.4 for the month of September so far, a new record for any month. It ousted September 2004 as the previous record holder. This September’s ACE is more than we would see in the entirety of what’s considered an extremely active season. Considering the entire season’s hurricane activity, 2017’s ACE already ranks in the top 10 most on record. Thus far, we’re up to the high 180s, with about two months left in hurricane season.

Hurricane Maria

Even with the forecast drop-off of cyclone activity over the next few weeks, we still may approach record territory. 2005 boasted the most ACE of a given season, topping the charts at 250. ACE in the Pacific tends to be about 30 percent higher as a result of the size of the ocean and the greater number of storms that accordingly form. Even the individual storms this season have been in the realm of records. Consider Irma: Its ACE totaled 66.6 over the hurricane’s 13-day lifetime. This is more than two-thirds the typical ACE of an entire season. Only one or two storms have ever drawn up more energy as reported by the ACE model — Category 5 Ivan in 2004 at 70.4, and possibly the San Ciriaco hurricane of 1899. The latter, known as the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record, spun at hurricane status for a whopping 23 days. That storm lay siege to Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos, and the Bahamas, killing more than 3,000 people. That storm’s ACE has been estimated at 73.6.

Klotzbach also listed another important figure that can serve as an indicator of cyclone activity, known as “hurricane days.” This is a simple sum of the number of hurricanes in the Atlantic on a given day. If there were two hurricanes in the ocean on one day, that would count for two “hurricane days.” Between Lee, Maria, Jose, Katia and Irma, September 2017 has generated 35 hurricane days, a record. Klotzbach stated that September 1926 had held the top spot before at 34.5 but said this may be underestimated because of the lack of satellites in that era. No matter how you slice it, it has already been a devastating hurricane season that ranks among the most extreme in history. Fortunately, the tropics are expected to calm down over next couple of weeks.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news...orded-in-the-atlantic/?utm_term=.ecb4b10c83dc
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See also:

Why This Hurricane Season Is So Intense
Sept. 19, 2017 - Warm ocean waters, weak winds and hot air are conspiring to feed frequent and ferocious storms

The most severe hurricane season in almost a decade is stoked by warmer-than-average Atlantic Ocean currents, weak westerly Pacific winds and turbulent hot tropical air over the Indian Ocean, with no sign conditions will slacken soon, climate analysts and meteorologists say. “It’s the trifecta,” said atmospheric scientist Jeff Weber, who studies tropical meteorology and climate change at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. “The atmospheric conditions are ideal for hurricane formations.”

So far, the Atlantic hurricane season has spawned 13 named storms and seven hurricanes. An average season, which runs from June through November, typically produces a dozen named storms, with six reaching hurricane strength. Formally rated a Category 5 hurricane, the Maria storm system powered winds up to 160 miles an hour toward the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico on Monday, while Hurricane Jose, downgraded from its peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane to a Category 1 system, churned off the eastern seaboard with winds up to 75 miles an hour. Three factors are fueling such intensity, experts say.

Satellite images of hurricanes Jose, top, and Maria this week. Scientists say a confluence of factors are behind this year’s unusually active storm season in the Atlantic.

Warm Atlantic water—running two degrees Fahrenheit or so warmer than usual—is the engine that drives these storm systems and boosts their capacity to store more water vapor that can condense into torrential rains. At the same time, weakening winds from the Pacific have reduced the wind shear that normally saps the strength of developing Atlantic storms. “That is a huge, huge player,” said Gerry Bell, lead seasonal hurricane forecaster at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

And over the Indian Ocean—far from the scene of the devastation in the U.S. and Caribbean—a tropical rainfall system called the Madden-Julian Oscillation is triggering the formation of the seeds of severe Atlantic storm systems. Its hot, roiling air spins off small atmospheric disruptions that drift across Africa and, under the right conditions, can develop into the beginnings of destructive Atlantic storms. “Right now we are at the peak of a very active season,” said Dr. Bell, “We know there will be more storms—not just more storms forming but more storms threatening” populated areas, he said.

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Hurricane Maria

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