Unification of Fundamental Forces under Normal Atmospheric Conditions

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A field line is just a representation of the magnitude and direction of an electric field or a magnetic field - it is tangent to the direction of the field and the density of the lines of
force are a representation of the magnitude. Field lines are an abstraction that represent a vector that characterizes the field and the field is made up of photons. The photons of the field
interact with electrically charged matter and can transfer energy to and from the field to those charged objects.

The universe is expanding because space is expanding -no new space is being created. What is the fabric of space made out of? That is a philosophical question. As far as I know, it
isn't addressed by the theory of general relativity. Is it more than just a container, a medium that separates one object from another? I think so because it interacts with matter and its shape is dependent on mass/momentum/pressure/tension. How does mass/momentum/pressure/tension cause a change in space-time? I don't think that any one knows. I suspect it is via gravitons , the hypothetical particle
that would be the force carrier in a quantum description of gravity.

I copied the paragraph below from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/..., space and,This is spacetime substantivalism.

"General relativity makes it hard to view the metric field simply as part of the containing spacetime. For, in addition to spatial and temporal information, the metric field also represents the gravitational field. Therefore it also carries energy and momentum—the energy and momentum of the gravitational field (although a notorious technical problem in general relativity precludes identifying the energy and momentum density of the gravitational field at any particular event in spacetime). This energy and momentum is freely interchanged with other matter fields in spacetimes. It is the source of the huge quantities of energy released as radiation and heat in stellar collapse, for example. To carry energy and momentum is a natural distinguishing characteristic of matter contained within spacetime. So the metric field of general relativity seems to defy easy characterization. We would like it to be exclusively part of spacetime the container, or exclusively part of matter the contained. Yet it seems to be part of both."

At least 1 string theorist, Brian Greene, has speculated that space can be torn.

The phenomenon of quantum entanglement indicates that 2 particles (2 photons as an example) that are connected quantum mechanically can be separated by an arbitrarily large distance and the measurement
of 1 particle will instantaneously affect the other particle. The spatial separation doesn't matter. This is mentioned in Brian Greene's book, "The Fabric of the Cosmos", in which he states
that "space is not what we once thought it was".

 

Alex Vilenkin came up with a mathematical description for a universe that was spontaneously created out of nothing - a state that contains no matter and is completely devoid of space and time. It involved
quantum tunneling from nothing - a vacuum. A vacuum does contain fields so it isn't exactly nothing. He started out with a closed spherical universe filled with a false vacuum, a very small radius and high energy density. A universe with GUT energy density would have a radius of 10X10 raised to the minus 28 power cm. This particular type of universe has the highest probability of occuring The false vacuum would
provide repulsive gravity causing a period of inflationary expansion. Quantum tunneling is a random phenomenon with no underlying cause. This process is briefly described in, "Cosmology for the Curious",
by Vilenkin and Perlov. A closed universe has zero total energy so energy conservation is not violated. Our universe is not closed because dark energy is growing as the universe expands, meaning it will
never collapse. I brought this up because no space-time existed at the beginning
of the quantum tunneling, so space-time had to be created. I don't know what the mechanism is for the creation of space. It maybe created simultaneously with matter, since space-time and mass/all forms of energy are linked by general relativity.

 

I want to retract one statement I made, "How does mass/momentum/pressure/tension cause a change in space-time? I don't think that any one knows. I suspect it is via gravitons ,..."
If gravitons exist they would interact with matter and radiation, not space.

If space-time is mesh-like on the tiniest of scales, what causes it to warp? Is it mediated by a particle?

This is from Symmetry magazine
https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/six-weighty-facts-about-gravity

4. Explaining the microscopic behavior of gravity has thrown researchers for a loop.

One avenue of research is called loop quantum gravity, which uses techniques from quantum physics to describe the structure of space-time. It proposes that space-time is particle-like on the tiniest scales, the same way matter is made of particles. Matter would be restricted to hopping from one point to another on a flexible, mesh-like structure. This allows loop quantum gravity to describe the effect of gravity on a scale far smaller than the nucleus of an atom.

I have read that the gravitational force between the earth and sun could be the result of exchanges of gravitons. According to general relativity, the earth moves along a geodesic. I wonder why there should
be 2 very different explanations for the same phenomenon. One is a quantum description and the other is a classical description.

From Wikipedia, Geodesics in general relativity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity

In general relativity, gravity can be regarded as not a force but a consequence of a curved spacetime geometry where the source of curvature is the stress–energy tensor (representing matter, for instance). Thus, for example, the path of a planet orbiting a star is the projection of a geodesic of the curved four-dimensional (4-D) spacetime geometry around the star onto three-dimensional (3-D) space.

 

New RE: Unification of Fundamental Forces under Normal Atmospheric Conditions
⁜→ et al,

Yes, like most of you, I am a layman on the subject. But I do try to keep current.


Most Respectfully,
R


Interesting Links:

Home CERN
Brian Cox Answers Some of the Most Fundamental Questions about Reality and the Universe 2020
JOURNEY TO THE EDGE OF THE Universe 2020 National Geographic
Loose Ends: String Theory and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory 2019 World Science Festival
Quantum Physics Explained | Brian Cox Interview 2019
Grand Unified Theory (In Our Time) 2018 BBC
Supersymmetry, Grand Unification and String Theory Documentary Lecture 2018 Stanford University​