Wow....... The Moon

Bishadi · Oct 20, 2011

Three different spacecraft have confirmed there is water on the Moon. It hasnt been found in deep dark craters or hidden underground. Data indicate that water exists diffusely across the moon as hydroxyl or water molecules or both adhering to the surface in low concentrations. Additionally, there may be a water cycle in which the molecules are broken down and reformulated over a two week cycle, which is the length of a lunar day. This does not constitute ice sheets or frozen lakes: the amounts of water in a given location on the Moon arent much more than what is found in a desert here on Earth. But theres more water on the Moon than originally thought.

The Moon was believed to extremely dry since the return of lunar samples from the Apollo and Luna programs. Many Apollo samples contain some trace water or minor hydrous minerals, but these have typically been attributed to terrestrial contamination since most of the boxes used to bring the Moon rocks to Earth leaked. This led the scientists to assume that the trace amounts of water they found came from Earth air that had entered the containers. The assumption remained that, outside of possible ice at the moons poles, there was no water on the moon.

Forty years later, an instrument on board the ill-fated Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M cubed) found that infrared light was being absorbed near the lunar poles at wavelengths consistent with hydroxyl- and water-bearing materials.

M3 analyzes the way that light from the sun reflects off the lunar surface to understand what materials comprise the lunar soil. Light is reflected in different wavelengths off of different minerals, and specifically, the instrument detected wavelengths of reflected light that would indicate a chemical bond between hydrogen and oxygen. Given waters well-known chemical symbol, H2O, which represents two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, this discovery was a source of great interest to the researchers.

The instrument can only see the very uppermost layers of the lunar soil perhaps to a few centimeters below the surface. The scientists were looking for a signature of water in the craters near the poles, but found evidence for water instead on the sunlit portions of the moon. This was certainly unexpected and the science team from M3 looked and re-looked at their data for several months.

Confirmation came from a recent flyby of the re-purposed Deep Impact probe, on its way to rendezvous with another comet in 2010. In June of 2009, the spectrometer on board also showed strong evidence that water is ubiquitous over the surface of the moon.

Jessica Sunshine and colleagues with Deep Impact also found the presence of bound water or hydroxyl in trace amounts over much of the Moons surface. Their results suggest that the formation and retention of these molecules is an ongoing process on the lunar surface and that solar wind could be responsible for forming them.

Still another spacecraft, the Cassini spacecraft while on its way to Saturn, also flew by the Moon in 1999. Roger Clark, a U.S. Geological Survey spectroscopist on the M3 team, reanalyzed archival data from Cassini, and that data as well agreed with the finding that water appears to be widespread across the lunar surface.

There are potentially two types of water on the moon: exogenic, meaning water from outside sources, such as comets striking the moons surface, and endogenic, meaning water that originates on the moon. The M3 research team, which includes Larry Taylor of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, suspect that the water theyre seeing in the moons surface is endogenic.

But where did the water come from?

The team from M3 believe it may come from the solar wind.

As the sun undergoes nuclear fusion, it constantly emits a stream of particles, mostly protons, which are positively charged hydrogen atoms. On Earth, the atmosphere and magnetism prevent us from being bombarded by these protons, but the moon lacks that protection, meaning the oxygen-rich minerals and glasses on the surface of the moon are constantly pounded by hydrogen in the form of protons, moving at velocities of one-third the speed of light.

When those protons hit the lunar surface with enough force, suspects Taylor, they break apart oxygen bonds in soil materials, and where free oxygen and hydrogen are together, theres a high chance that trace amounts of water will be formed. These traces are thought to be about a quart of water per ton of soil.

The isotopes of oxygen that exist on the moon are the same as those that exist on Earth, so it was difficult if not impossible to tell the difference between water from the moon and water from Earth, said Taylor. Since the early soil samples only had trace amounts of water, it was easy to make the mistake of attributing it to contamination.

Lead image caption: Schematic showing the stream of charged hydrogen ions carried from the Sun by the solar wind. One possible scenario to explain hydration of the lunar surface is that during the daytime, when the Moon is exposed to the solar wind, hydrogen ions liberate oxygen from lunar minerals to form OH and H2O, which are then weakly held to the surface. At high temperatures (red-yellow) more molecules are released than adsorbed. When the temperature decreases (green-blue) OH and H2O accumulate. Image courtesy of University of Maryland/F. Merlin/McREL

Source: Science
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http://www.universetoday.com/41212/yes-theres-water-on-the-moon/

how many learned that in school?

Bishadi · Oct 20, 2011

the classified stuff

[ame="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4cjPHjFz5g&feature=related"]Classified Footage: Moon Landing - YouTube[/ame]

Bishadi · Oct 20, 2011

the funny stuff

[ame="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PimI6HRlKjQ&feature=related"]Apollo Mission funny - YouTube[/ame]

note the center of gravity at the fall

Bishadi · Oct 22, 2011

Solar wind origin of terrestrial water

Authors: Hans Merkl, Markus Fraenz

(Submitted on 2 Feb 2011)

Abstract: The origin of the Earth water reserves during the evolution of the planet is one of the big miracles in geophysics. Common explanations are storage of water in the Earth mantle at a time when the crust had not yet formed and depositing of water by comets during the time of late heavy bombardement. Both explanations have different problems - especially when comparing with the evolution of Mars and Venus. Here we discuss the possible role of hydrogen collected from the solar wind by the early Earth magnetosphere. While the water production by solar wind capture is very small today it may have been significant during the first billion years after planetary formation because solar wind was much stronger at that time and Earth magnetospheric configuration may have been different. We estimate that the contribution of solar wind hydrogen to the Earth water reserves can be up to 10% when we assume a that the Earth dipole acted as a collector and early solar wind was 1000 times stronger than today. We can not even exclude that solar wind hydrogen was the main contributor to Earth water reserves
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http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.0396

lot's to publish

how many are gonna chase their nobel?

Bishadi · Oct 23, 2011

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2011-10/21/c_131204026.htm

A straight answer

BEIJING, Oct. 21 (Xinhuanet) -- A team of European researchers announced that they have found vast water vapor out of our solar system, according to a study in the U.S. journal Science Friday.

Using Herschel Space Observatory, a European Space Agency satellite, the researchers observed that the vast water vapor enveloped a 175-light-year-away star and its surrounding dusk disk, which will eventually form a planet.

The water vapor, which is "enough to fill thousand of Earth ocean", may rain down and seed the future oceans on the young planet, as it did on the Earth 4.5 billion years ago, the researchers suggested.

"Scientists have long suspected there were these reservoir of cold water hiding in the outer regions of planet disk, ... now the theory gets considerably stronger." said astronomer Michiel Hogerheijde of Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands.

The finding not only explained where our Earth's ocean came from, but also indicated that there are likely to be many "ocean worlds" throughout the galaxies, he conclude
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Bishadi · Oct 23, 2011

so now, if water is all over the universe, could life also be?

(just another stupid question)

waltky · Oct 24, 2011

Sounds like ever'body got duped all around...

NASA sting terrifies woman, 74
Mon Oct 24,`11 The elaborate mission to recover a moon rock led NASA agents to one of the most down-to-earth places: a Denny's restaurant in Riverside County.

But at the end of the sting operation, agents were left holding a speck of lunar dust smaller than a grain of rice and a 74-year-old suspect who was terrified by armed officials. Five months after NASA investigators and local agents swooped into the restaurant and hailed their operation as a cautionary tale for anyone trying to sell national treasure, no charges have been filed, NASA isn't talking and the case appears stalled. The target, Joann Davis, a grandmother who says she was trying to raise money for her sick son, asserts the lunar material was rightfully hers, having been given to her space-engineer husband by Neil Armstrong in the 1970s. "It's a very upsetting thing," Davis told The Associated Press. "It's very detrimental, very humiliating, all of it a lie."

The strange case centers on a speck of authenticated moon rock encased in an acrylic-looking dome that appears to be a paperweight. For years, NASA has gone after anyone selling lunar material gathered on the Apollo missions because it is considered government property, so cannot be sold for profit. Still, NASA has given hundreds of lunar samples to nations, states and high-profile individuals but only on the understanding they remain government property. NASA's inspector general works to arrest anyone trying to sell them. The case was triggered by Davis herself, according to a search warrant affidavit written by Norman Conley, an agent for the inspector general.

She emailed a NASA contractor May 10 trying to find a buyer for the rock, as well as a nickel-sized piece of the heat shield that protected the Apollo 11 space capsule as it returned to earth from the first successful manned mission to the moon in 1969. "I've been searching the internet for months attempting to find a buyer," Davis wrote. "If you have any thoughts as to how I can proceed with the sale of these two items, please call." Davis told AP the items were among many of the space-related heirlooms her husband left her when he died in 1986. She said she had worked as a lexicographer and he had worked as an engineer for North American Rockwell, which contracted for NASA during the Apollo era.

Davis claims Armstrong gave the items to her husband, though the affidavit says the first man on the moon has previously told investigators he never gave or sold lunar material to anyone. In follow-up phone conversations with a NASA agent, Davis acknowledged the rock was not sellable on the open market and fretted about an agent knocking on her door and taking the material, which she was willing to sell for "big money underground." "She must know that this is a questionable transaction because she used the term `black market,'" Agent Conley states in the search warrant. Curiously, though, Davis agreed to sell the sample to NASA for a stellar $1.7 million. She said she wanted to leave her three children an inheritance and take care of her sick son.

MORE
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syukranjz · Oct 30, 2011

nice info.........

Trinnity · Oct 30, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

so now, if water is all over the universe, could life also be?

(just another stupid question)
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It has to be. The Universe is so massively huge, we can't really even fathom it.

good thread topic - rated 5 stars

Bishadi · Oct 30, 2011

Trinnity said: ↑

It has to be. The Universe is so massively huge, we can't really even fathom it.
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so that old old old old inquiry about life being 'out there' should be standard issue in the global schools.

Next step: how does life form?

ie... start from mass (elements), energy (light/em) and time. (from atoms and energy, versus 'adam and eve')

A system of based elements evolving into a process of life.

DivineComedy · Oct 30, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

so now, if water is all over the universe, could life also be?

(just another stupid question)
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Certainly not a stupid question. Where something exists you can bet it does elsewhere.

Whether or not someone millions of years ago saw us, because they were more lucky and did not go through millions of years of stupid dinosaurs and various extinction events, and built a space ship that could hit a speck many thousands of light years away, and they had some way to preserve life to be revived, who knows.

Does evolution and the ability to reason admit of a violent single racist species that can think well enough to cooperate enough to build such a ship? If not then they probably will not vaporize us on first contact. Then again if we consider the utter stupidity of the last "Day the Earth Stood Still" propaganda film, where the brain child aliens do not realize they are destroying themselves, and do not excuse it as a prime example of "liberal" brain damage, we are doomed.

Life forms when "liberal" amino acids meet conservative planets with the right growing conditions and form moderates, that are not open-minded to destruction of themselves or so conservative they are content to say in a puddle.

Trinnity · Oct 30, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

so that old old old old inquiry about life being 'out there' should be standard issue in the global schools.
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I'm not sure what you're trying to say here....I'm not a globalist. I believe God made everything and physics is God's "toolbox".

xsited1 · Oct 30, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

http://www.universetoday.com/41212/yes-theres-water-on-the-moon/

how many learned that in school?
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Moon water will eventually be piped to Earth. Here's an artist's conception of how this will work:

Bishadi · Oct 30, 2011

Trinnity said: ↑

I'm not sure what you're trying to say here....I'm not a globalist. I believe God made everything and physics is God's "toolbox".
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Well, i can beat that'

mankind created the words, that enabled the liars to create your god.

Or if you are right and physics are god(s) tool box, then each kid should be going to school to learn how to be a 'god'.

What's a globalist?

Is the earth flat to you?

Bishadi · Oct 30, 2011

xsited1 said: ↑

Moon water will eventually be piped to Earth. Here's an artist's conception of how this will work:

Click to expand...

that would put a whole new understanding of what a 'full moon' is.

EvilAztec · Nov 4, 2011

In my telescope with an increase in 280. The moon looks

very gloomy...

youenjoyme420 · Nov 4, 2011

EvilAztec said: ↑

In my telescope with an increase in 280. The moon looks

very gloomy...
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I love looking through my telescope. That picture you posted is about as close as I can focus in on the moon with mine. I don't have a camera to attatch yet but i will soon, I really wanna get a nice long exposure of andromeda.

A couple weeks ago I was scanning the sky, and just happened to stumble on the Orion nebula. I wasn't looking for it, but it was a pretty cool thing to just randomly find.

Peter Szarycz · Nov 4, 2011

youenjoyme420 said: ↑

I don't have a camera to attatch yet but i will soon, I really wanna get a nice long exposure of andromeda.
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If you live north of the Equator, you won't see it since it's only visible low on the horizon from the Southern Hemisphere.

Felix (R) · Nov 5, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

so now, if water is all over the universe, could life also be?

(just another stupid question)
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Yes, there are bioluminescent shrimp which occupy the moon giving of lunar emissions, the light is clearly not a reflection of sunlight as it has been directly linked to harmful effects on both
plants and animals.
The moon cycles are a display of moonshrimp migratory and mating patterns. I will be happy to point you in the right direction if this interests you.
Moonlight has been proven harmful and is nicley elucidated by the greek word I believe luna, giving way for the lunatic. If you have any more questions I am no expert but I do know this stuff fairly well.

DarwinParty · Nov 5, 2011

Bishadi said: ↑

so now, if water is all over the universe, could life also be?

(just another stupid question)
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Yes but life doesn't necessarily need water to live. We are water and carbon based lifeforms, but there could just as easily be methane and silicone based lifeforms out there. There is limitless amount of possibilities.

Bishadi · Nov 9, 2011

DarwinParty said: ↑

Yes but life doesn't necessarily need water to live.
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i agree

i find the life of mass is not as many believe to be.

We are water and carbon based lifeforms, but there could just as easily be methane and silicone based lifeforms out there. There is limitless amount of possibilities.
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agreed

a simple chemical reaction could be a form but that would mean redefining what life is, across the board

ie.... does a flame need water?

youenjoyme420 · Nov 11, 2011

Peter Szarycz said: ↑

If you live north of the Equator, you won't see it since it's only visible low on the horizon from the Southern Hemisphere.
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its clearly visible in the northern hemisphere. it gets pretty high in the night time sky.

Peter Szarycz · Nov 12, 2011

youenjoyme420 said: ↑

its clearly visible in the northern hemisphere. it gets pretty high in the night time sky.
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Yep, I guess you're right. My mistake.

waltky · Jan 23, 2013

Harnessing bioluminescence...

The light fantastic: Harnessing Nature's glow
23 January 2013 - Bioluminescence describes the light that some living creatures such as fireflies and jellyfish emit from their cells. Harnessing these reactions has already transformed key areas of clinical diagnosis and medical research.

But scientists are now looking at whether this "living light" could help enhance food crops, detect pollution or even illuminate our journeys home. On a night in January 1832, off the coast of Tenerife, a young Charles Darwin wandered up on to the deck of the HMS Beagle. As the young naturalist looked out to sea, he was struck by the unearthly glow emanating from the ocean. "The sea was luminous in specks and in the wake of the vessel, of a uniform, slightly milky colour," he wrote. "When the water was put into a bottle, it gave out sparks for some minutes after having been drawn up." Darwin was almost certainly describing the glow emitted by tiny marine organisms called dinoflagellates. His accounts of this phenomenon, known as bioluminescence, were unearthed by Prof Anthony Campbell in hand-written notebooks stored at Cambridge University.

While Darwin was one of the first modern scientists to document the phenomenon, it would be more than a century before it was put to practical use. Prof Campbell, from Cardiff University, carried out pioneering research throughout the 1970s and 1980s leading to the discovery that living creatures produce this light using special proteins called luciferases. The proteins take part in a chemical reaction in the cells, which is responsible for the light emission. "When I started researching bioluminescence 40 years ago at the [Cardiff University] medical school, a lot of people raised their eyebrows and said: 'What the devil is this guy doing working on animals in the sea? He was brought from Cambridge to do medical research'," Prof Campbell explains.

Huge market

But he was able to spot the phenomenon's potential. Having discovered the proteins involved in bioluminescence, he realised that by combining luciferases with other molecules, it was possible to harness this light emission to measure biological processes. This would pave the way for something of a revolution in medical research and clinical diagnosis.

For example, by attaching a luminescent protein to an antibody - a protective molecule produced by the body's immune system - it could be used to diagnose disease. This allowed clinicians to dispense with the radioactive markers that had previously been used in such tests. "This market is now worth about £20bn. If you go into a hospital and have a blood test which measures viral proteins, cancer proteins, hormones, vitamins, bacterial proteins, drugs, it will almost certainly use this technique," Prof Campbell told BBC News.

Bioluminescent proteins are also tools in drug discovery and have found widespread applications in biomedical research, where they are used to study biological processes in live cells. "If you've got a university department that doesn't use these techniques, they are not at the cutting edge," says Campbell.

Contamination problem
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Trinnity · Jan 27, 2013

Bishadi said: ↑

Next step: how does life form?
Click to expand...

From amino acids.

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